Control performance of a natural gas-hybrid renewable sources-complex storage systems-grid energy network

This research investigates the efficacy of a hybrid energy system that integrates wind, natural gas, grid, solar (PoV) photovoltaic, hydrokinetic, batteries, flywheels, and ultracapacitors for adaptable operation in various configurations within Phetchaburi province, Thailand. The configurations analyzed encompass optimal systems of wind/natural gas/grid/solar photovoltaic/hydrokinetic/flywheel, wind/natural gas/grid/solar photovoltaic/hydrokinetic/zinc bromide flow, wind/natural gas/grid/solar photovoltaic/hydrokinetic/ultracapacitor, and wind/natural gas/grid/solar photovoltaic/hydrokinetic/lithium-ion. This study incorporates hybrid controller feedback mechanisms alongside energy-grid optimization analysis to effectively oversee energy production across the integrated power sources, storage systems, and loads. The optimization analysis clearly demonstrated that the wind/natural gas/grid/solar photovoltaic/hydrokinetic/zinc bromide flow system yielded the highest annual surplus electricity production, amounting to 1073 kWh/year, in comparison to other configurations. Conversely, the flywheel storage system showed the lowest annual energy output and minimized losses, recording 385,274 kWh/year in output and 67,987 kWh/year in losses, when juxtaposed with alternative storage systems: the Zn-Br battery (output of 3935,988 kWh/year; losses of 437,289 kWh/year), the Li-ion battery (output of 7837,132 kWh/year; losses of 870,428 kWh/year), and the ultracapacitor (output of 5294,671 kWh/year; losses of 934,354 kWh/year) that support the energy production sources. The efficiency of the multi-storage system, which comprises batteries, ultracapacitors, and flywheels, provided sufficient energy support for the hybrid alternative energy sources, effectively addressing challenges related to unmet energy demand, power supply deficiencies, and unstable energy flow.