Equity in energy: a critical analysis of GESI and energy justice narratives in energy transition

The global energy sector is transitioning from conventional energy sources to cleaner and more sustainable alternatives; however, persistent structural and social barriers continue to undermine equity and inclusivity within this transition. This study examines how Gender Equality and Social Inclusion (GESI) and Energy Justice (EJ) principles are reflected in energy policy frameworks and their implications for equitable energy transitions. Using a thematic literature review combined with a semi-quantitative policy content analysis of national energy policies from selected South Asian and African countries, the study assesses the extent to which these policies integrate GESI and EJ dimensions. The findings reveal strong conceptual interlinkages between GESI and EJ, yet demonstrate that existing national energy policies inadequately address distributive, procedural, and recognition-based justice, particularly for marginalised social groups. As a result, current policy frameworks risk reinforcing existing social and structural inequalities despite the expansion of renewable energy systems. By identifying specific policy gaps and systematically evaluating the integration of GESI and EJ principles, this study provides empirical insights to inform inclusive, context-sensitive energy policy design and supports the advancement of socially just energy transitions aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals.